South Asia, nestled between the towering Himalayas and the vast Indian Ocean, is a region of incredible contrasts and rich complexity. Known for its remarkable cultural and geographic diversity, it is home to nearly a quarter of the world’s population. The region’s deep history and dynamic present are reflected in the lives and stories of its five main countries: India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh.

South Asia is the birthplace of two major world religions, Hinduism and Buddhism, but it is also home to significant Muslim populations and followers of various other faiths. The top three religions in the region are Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism. Pakistan and Iran are Islamic republics, with Iran being predominantly Shia and Pakistan mostly Sunni. Religious diversity is also seen along the eastern border, where Bangladesh, primarily Muslim, shares boundaries with India, predominantly Hindu, and Myanmar, where Buddhism is the main tradition. Additionally, Sikhism is the dominant religion in the Punjab region, situated on India’s northern border with Pakistan.

South Asia stretches across the southern part of Asia, bordered by Central Asia to the northwest, East Asia to the northeast, and Southeast Asia to the east. The Indian subcontinent dominates the region, extending into the Indian Ocean and bordered by the majestic Himalayas to the north. Mighty rivers, such as the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra, flow through its fertile plains, nurturing life and shaping ancient civilizations for thousands of years.

South Asia’s landscapes are as diverse as its cultures. From the snow-covered passes of Afghanistan to the fertile Indo-Gangetic plains of India and Bangladesh, the region offers striking contrasts. Nepal’s rugged highlands reach skyward to Mount Everest, while the Thar Desert sprawls across India and Pakistan, sharply contrasting with the lush Sundarbans mangrove forests in Bangladesh. This rich tapestry of geography highlights the natural beauty and ecological importance of the region.

Learning Objectives

• Understand the geographic diversity of South Asia, including its major physical features such as the Himalayas, the Indus River, and the Deccan Plateau. Recognize the cultural diversity within the region, including the diverse range of religions, languages, and ethnic groups that contribute to its rich cultural tapestry.
• Gain insights into the historical evolution of South Asia, from ancient civilizations and the spread of major religions like Hinduism and Buddhism to the impact of colonialism and the struggle for independence. This includes understanding the significance of historical events such as the partition of India and Pakistan.
• Discover the environmental challenges facing South Asia, including deforestation, water pollution, and the effects of climate change. Understand how these challenges affect the region’s agriculture, biodiversity, and the livelihoods of its people.
• Explore the economic landscape of South Asia, including the role of agriculture, industry, and services in the region’s economy. Understand the challenges and opportunities associated with economic growth, urbanization, and globalization.
• Understand the social and demographic dynamics of South Asia, including population growth, urbanization, and gender inequality. Discover the initiatives aimed at addressing these issues through education, healthcare, and social reform.

Chapter Updated | July 2025